The Price of Diamonds Is too High in the Modern Market Essay

Society as a whole has become more and more dependent on diamonds as the years go by. From finding this rare gem in the depths of the earths’ crust, to it now being used as a certain love gesture. The rarity of this beautiful gem has changed, however has the price of diamonds changed accordingly with its value (placed upon by society). This essay will effectively argue that the price of diamonds is too high in the market in the present day as a result of various economic factors. The essay will give information on diamond cartels and how these cartels had been influencing the price of the diamonds. Furthermore, the essay will give rise to the economic theories that affect these prices and how the price is controlled in the market.†¦show more content†¦A diamond market with more transparency and greater liquidity eventually led to the end of the Oppenheimer reign in 2011 (Reporter, 2011) It has been recognized that DeBeers is one of the most successful cartels in history. Due to their successful nature, DeBeers has been able to determine the prices of diamonds. DeBeers were considered a monopoly in the market however with smaller firms emerging in the market; DeBeers have lost some of the share in the market. Before the collapse of the empire, DeBeers were considered a dominant firm oligopoly. Parkin says that oligopoly, like monopolistic competition, lies between perfect competition and monopoly. In the diamond trade, the firms in oligopoly produce the same product and compete only on price. Oligopoly is a structure in which only a small number of firms compete (Parkin, 2010). Being the dominant firm oligopoly, the DeBeer cartel has been able to determine the price of diamonds in the market. Owning such a large portion of the market has allowed the DeBeers to be able to bully all the other small firms in order to regulate the price and supply of diamonds. Below is an indication (not the actual diamond price graph) of how a dominant firm, like the DeBeers cartel, was able to set the price of diamonds through their dominance in an oligopolistic market. The graph on the left shows the supply curve, S10, for 10 small competitive firms. The demand curve, D, shows the demand for fuel in theShow MoreRelatedThe Price of Diamonds is Too High Essays1079 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"THE PRICE OF DIAMONDS IS TOO HIGH† For more than a century the diamond industry has flourished beyond expectations. The diamond has grown from a small yet rare gem stone to that of a rather large and powerful symbol of wealth. The industry has been controlled by one major corporation, De Beers. De beers along with the cartel it set up has built an industry that will last forever. (Spar, 2006) This paper will analyse the diamond industry, paying specific attention to the cartel, how it operates;Read MoreThe History of the Diamond Cartel and Its Role in Determining the Price of Diamonds1174 Words   |  5 PagesDiamonds have been identified as being precious but expensive gems for many decades. Diamonds were extremely rare, only found in India and Brazil until the late nineteenth century (Vogelsang, 2005: 5). After the discovery of diamonds in South Africa, the diamond industry began to flourish. Diamonds then became very abundant and cheap to produce. In order for the value of diamonds to remain as high as they were d uring the phase in which they were still rare, a diamond cartel was introduced. A cartelRead MoreGun, Germs, And Steel By Jared Diamond1585 Words   |  7 PagesJared Diamond is a Geography professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. He has many fields of interest ranging from physiology to evolutionary biology and biogeography . Adding to that, Diamond also has published countless articles and authored multiple books. His most decorated book â€Å"Guns, Germs, and Steel†, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998 and is widely regarded as a groundbreaking scientific work. In the prologue of â€Å"Collapse†, Jared Diamond claims that his previous book â€Å"Guns, GermsRead MoreZimbabwes Struggle For Human Rights Abuses1420 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In the modern diamond market, there is a plethora of minerals waiting to be mined. Within Africa’s southern region, Zimbabwe has found diamonds to be a vital commodity in sustaining the country. In order to reach these minerals, mining companies must find a steady supply of labor to mine and sort the diamonds before they are later â€Å"sold rough† in wholesale to dealers, distributed to be cut, polished, and turned into jewelry at manufacturing plants, and marketed by retailers to finallyRead MoreDiamonds Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesDiamonds Introduction For centuries, cultures have regarded diamonds as beautiful, magical, mysterious, and powerful. These precious stones have been sought after, fought over, and worshiped. Diamonds are associated with wealth, achievement, status, and love. The meaning and rarity of diamonds brings about much to consider when making a purchase. The rough gemstones must first be mined and cut. Once cut, diamonds are appraised to determine their value. Some of them undergo treatmentsRead MoreCase Study : South Korean Home Brand Ice Cream Market978 Words   |  4 Pagesfacing a mature market condition with limited growth potential due to its aging population. The country has the lowest birth rates in the world. Therefore, the industries that target on young population such as: ice cream, baby food and milk products†¦ are losing their market (Nieburg 2013). To make the market grow, the manufacturers have to revive the market through innovations through creating additional demand for value-add -on products. This will create a win-win situation for both market players andRead MoreTanishq: Positioning to Capture the Indian Womans Heart7818 Words   |  32 Pages Company Name   (background): TANISHQ   Type A subsidiary of TITAN Industries Founded 1995 Employees 1,100 Headquarters Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India Industry Jewelers Competitors Asmi, Nakshatra Diamonds, Gili, Nirvata Diamonds, D’damas Diamonds, Adora Diamonds, Kiah Diamonds 2. VISION To be a world-class, innovative, progressive organization and to build India’s most desirable jewelry. 3. MISSION To create beauty for both of our customers by innovating beautiful, ethnic and traditionalRead MoreMarketing Mix of Shampoo2781 Words   |  12 PagesProduct BaWang Man’s Anit-hair Fall Shampoo Introduction The BaWang Man’s Anti-hair Fall Shampoo combines ancient Chinese wisdom with modern pharmacology and biotechnology to bring optimum hair care results to consumers. And this is effective to prevent the hair fall problem. Market Segmentation 1. Demographic segmentation Age: Over 30 years old Gender: Male Income: Middle income level Race: Chinese 2. Psychographic segmentation - Lifestyle The people who trust ChineseRead MoreReport on Jewellery Industry in Hong Kong3537 Words   |  15 Pagesretail shop in Hong Kong market due to improving economic situation, increasing customers buying incentive and demand from mainland china and also local customers. In order to make a success in the introduction, we recommend the company opens a new retail shop in Tsim Sha Tsui because of favorable location which can attract customer flow. Also, we suggest the company uses undifferentiated marketing strategies to serve all types of customers as their behavior are not too distinct and different. BesidesRead MoreForever: de Beers and U.S. Antitrust Law13035 Words   |  53 Pagesset of diamond earrings, or a single sparkling solitaire. The lettering, in white, was sparse and to the point: â€Å"What better time to celebrate the timelessness of love?† they asked. Or, â€Å"What are you waiting for, the year 3000?† Some were even more direct: â€Å"This wouldnt exactly be the year,† they noted, â€Å"to give her a toaster oven.† Coyly, the ads captured a joint fascination with the new millennium and the enduring allure of diamonds. How better to capture time than with a diamond, they urged

Of MIce and Men Naturalism - 867 Words

John Steinbeck s novel Of Mice and Men is a famous Naturalist work in American literature. Various elements of Naturalism is exhibited in this novel through its character types and story plot. Charles Darwin, an English Naturalist proposed a theory called natural selection, meaning that nature selects the best adapted varieties to survive and reproduce. Darwin also identified this theory as survival of the fittest. Steinbeck incorporated this belief of natural selection in many instances throughout Of Mice and Men using characters and their circumstances. One character named Candy has an injury and is old in age. They were leading factors in his fear of being unemployed. His dog’s old age and uselessness also resulted in its death.†¦show more content†¦Another example of Naturalism is the death of Candy s dog. Candy s dog was old and sick with rheumatism. All the men recommended to shoot the dog because it would not be beneficial to anybody. ‘He ain t no good to you, Candy. An he ain t no good to himself. Why n t you shoot him, Candy?...You wouldn t think it to look at him now, but he was the best damn sheep dog I ever seen’ (Steinbeck 44). Candy s dog was useful in the past when he was a sheep herder. He was young and energetic, but he started to age and was infected by disease. Candy s dog depicts natural selection because as his effectiveness on the ranch declines, the need for him decreases as well, resulting in a different dog to take his place. Candy’s dog was not able to endure the competition because he did not have the best adapted varieties to survive. In this novel, Darwin s speculation of natural selection is demonstrated through Lennie s mental condition. His condition was a catalyst for all the predicaments he caused for himself and George. Although Lennie has an abundance of physical power, he lacks knowledge and common sense. ’Maybe he ain’t bright, but I never seen such a worker. He damn near killed his partner buckin’ barley. There ain’t nobody can keep up with him...Sure he’s jes’ like a kid. There ain’t no more harm in him than a kid neither, except he’s so strong’ (Steinbeck 39-43). Lennie being mentally handicapped illustrates survival of the fittest becauseShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men: Naturalism716 Words   |  2 PagesNaturalism is a very intense style of literature that an author can use. With naturalism, the author is trying to convey knowledge acquired through the senses and experiences they them selves have been through. In the novel of Mice and M en, by John Steinbeck, he portrays elements of naturalism through his very own sights and experiences. During the depression John Steinbeck got a first hand dose of what it meant to deal with sordid aspects of life. Just like his book, he portrays his accounts usingRead More Life Of John Steinbeck Essays1314 Words   |  6 Pages John Steinbeck was a writer who used naturalism in his works to to bring awareness about problems in society that he dealt with in his own life. He frequently dealt with the economic and social problems of migrant workers in California and how they dealt with everyday life. He wrote through his fiction about what he knew and what affected him personally. Specifically, he wrote a novella entitled, Of Mice and Men, about two California migrant workers, George Milton and Lennie Small, who are tryingRead MoreWhat Influenced John Steinbeck?. What Exactly Influenced884 Words   |  4 Pagescome from California. John Steinbeck was born and raised in Salinas, California, a town well known for farming and being poor. Its thought that his many conversations with the migrant workers of the area inspired a lot of his work, such as â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, a story he particularly wrote about some migrant workers. Or, â€Å"The Grapes Of Wrath† a story he wrote about a family suffering in the dust bowl as they worked their way around California. Migrant workers obviously had a large impact of his workingsRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath 1594 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems of labor. After the humorous Tortilla Flat, Steinbeck decided to write a more serious novel, In Dubious Battle, in 1936. It deals with the strikes of the migratory fruit pickers on California plantations. Then in 1937 Of Mice and Men was published. Later, The Long Valley, was published in 1938. In 1939 The Grapes of Wrath was published, the story of Oklahoma tenant farmers who couldn’t earn enough money for a living, so they moved to California and became migratory workersRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1659 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men Olivia Settlemires John Steinbeck - John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California, in 1902. In 1919 he went to Stanford University, where he enrolled in literature and writing courses until he left in 1925 without a degree.For the next five years he supported himself as a laborer and journalist, as well as working on his first novel, Cup of Gold (1929). After his first marriage, He published many books, such as The Pastures of Heaven (1932), The Red Pony (1933),Read MoreMice of Men Dreams of Commitment2273 Words   |  10 PagesOf Mice and Mein The Dream of Commitment. Louis Owens The Eden myth looms large in Of Mice and Men (1937), the playnovella set along the Salinas River a few miles south of Soledad (Of Mice and Men, p. 1). And, as in all of Steinbecks Califomia fiction, setting plays a central role in determining the major themes of this work. The fact that the setting for OfMice and Men is a Califomia valley dictates, according to the symbolism of Steinbecks landscapes, that this story will take place in a fallenRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 2778 Words   |  12 Pageswell renowned American writer. A compassionate understanding of the world s disinherited was to be Steinbeck s hallmark. The novel In Dubious Battle (1936) defends striking migrant agricultural workers in the California fields. In the novel Of Mice and Men(1937; later made into a play), Steinbeck again utilizes the hardships of migrant workers, but this time in terms of human worth and integrity. With the country struggling to recover the collapse of the economy and a second world war, the peopleRead MoreSalinger s The Catcher Of The Rye2057 Words   |  9 Pagesglimpse into the dark enigma that is Holden’s mind, and as he continues his adventure, he lets more details slip as he slowly loses his grip on his sanity. But, what really ties the idea of Holden’s insanity together is naturalism. Salinger was particularly fond of the naturalism movement; throughout the book, Holden has already accepted his fate and understands the consequences of his actions. He merely delays the inevitable by roaming around NYC. When the time finally comes, and the truth is revealedRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House2136 Words   |  9 Pagesprotagonists entrapment in A Doll s House. The set in A Doll s House proves to be an effective construct in the entrapment of Nora, as an exhibition of the problems of the bourgeois family is assembled in the form of the living room. In naturalism emphasis is placed on the importance of walking and immersing oneself in nature in order to remove limitations and control destiny. Yet we are shown a room that seems to engulf and limit Nora just as her husband does. our attention is directed toRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesareas of interest. Remember, your statement should mention a specific program and perhaps even target a subdivision or an area within that program—not American literature but the 19th century American novel with an emphasis in American Realism and Naturalism. Learn about the professors in the program and familiarize yourself with their research; in other words, read some of their scholarly works—reviews, articles, monographs, and books. Learn about campus and program r esources, such as research facilities

Human Trafficking in Brazil Free Essays

Following more than three hundred years under Portuguese rule, Brazil gained its independence in 1822, maintaining a monarchical system of government until the abolition of slavery in 1888. Shortly after – in 1889 – the military declared itself in control of the country as a republic. Brazilian coffee exporters politically dominated the country until populist leader Getulio Vargas rose to power in 1930. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Trafficking in Brazil or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is called the â€Å"Father of the Poor†, because of the fact that he brought social and economic changes that helped modernize the country. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil underwent more than a half-century of populist and military government until 1985, when the military regime peacefully gave up power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Utilizing vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America’s leading economic power and a regional leader, one of the first in the area to begin an economic recovery. Highly unequal income distribution and crime remain pressing problems. Human trafficking in Brazil, in international and internal forms, is still a phenomenon within Brazil. Secretary National Justice Paul Abram warns, â€Å"This is because one of its features is the invisibility of victims and denial of recognizing oneself as such. This is why we focused on awareness campaigns and the national network to support the victims. † Although Brazil banned slavery its 1888 Golden Law, forced labor of thousands of workers occur daily which is helping drive the economy. The Government of Brazil does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. The Countries that registered the highest incidences of victims of human trafficking were the Suriname (which works as a route to the Netherlands), with 133 victims, followed by Switzerland with 127, Spain with 104 and Germany with 71. UNODC estimates indicate that sexual exploitation is the most common form of trafficking (79%), followed by forced labor (18%), reaching, especially children, adolescents and women. The Brazilian government has maintained efforts to prevent human trafficking in partnership with state governments, international organizations and NGOs. Authorities gathered extensive civil society and federal, state, and local government input to draft a second national plan for 2012-2016, as the first national plan ended in January 2010. The Ministry of Labor publishes a â€Å"dirty list,† which publicly identifies individuals and corporate entities the government has determined to be responsible for trabalho escravo and is subject to civil penalties. Authorities continue to investigate sex and labor trafficking crimes, but data collection on trafficking prosecutions and convictions continued to be a challenge. Government-provided specialized shelter and services for victims of all forms of trafficking victims remained inadequate. Authorities continued to partner with civil society and international organizations to raise awareness about sex trafficking and trabalho escravo. During the International Symposium for Combating Human Trafficking, held in Goiania on May 14 and 15 many topics regarding the fight against human trafficking were put in place. During the symposium, Mr. Bo Mathiasen, regional representative of UNODC, stressed the importance of having a legal basis, backed by enforcement action to combat human trafficking. Mathiasen stated, â€Å"We know that human trafficking is one of the cruelest forms of organized crime and it is not possible to move forward in the fight against it without a solid and comprehensive legal basis, capable of providing the necessary tools to rigorously punish the entire chain of criminals involved. It is only possible to fight transnational organized crime if criminals have the perception that there is a real risk of being punished. The UNODC Regional Office for Brazil and the Southern Cone, together with the Brazilian National Justice Council and the National Secretary for Justice have committed to collecting and distributing information regarding all judicial action in Brazil on human trafficking through the UNODC global Human Trafficking Case Law Database. It is expected that by the end of 2012 at least 50 Brazilian judicial will document proceedings in the UNODC Case Law Database. This is a step in the right direction for Brazil to begin to combat this chronic issue. How to cite Human Trafficking in Brazil, Essay examples

Ethical Violations free essay sample

After reading the passage, I realized a few ethical violations could be recognized. Before a study or research could be conducted, all participants should be informed on the purpose of the research, what procedures are involved, benefits of the research and any risks related to the research. In psychology, one of the professional codes of ethics is that all participants must consent to the research and must be debriefed. In the Guatemala study, female commercial sex workers were injected with diseases such as gonorrhea, chancroid, and syphilis without their prior knowledge and consent. Secondly, the soldiers and prison inmates were infected with the disease by having sex with the infected sex workers without knowledge of them being infected or being participants in a research. Additionally, when the researchers found out that the soldiers were infected by the female commercial sex workers, they changed their approach by infecting them with gonorrhea through inoculations into the urethra, skin injections of chancroid and syphilis and also exposing the foreskin of the penis to other infectious material. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Violations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is again was done without their consent, hence they were decepted. Another code of ethics is the protection of the client’s welfare. Human participants should not be infected or injected, or put in any harm. Researchers must ensure that participants taking part in a research must be protected from physical and mental harm. For example, participants should not be exposed to risks greater than or additional to those experienced in their everyday life. Hence, most researches are done with animals to include rats, guinea pigs and monkeys. Other ethics are: 1. High levels of competence, integrity and responsibility 2. Respect for people’s rights to privacy, dignity, confidentiality and personal freedom 3. Protection of the clients welfare When testing a new drug for blood pressure, you would learn more about its effectiveness from giving it to half of the participants in a group of 1000 than all 1000 participants because you must have an experimental group and a control group for it to be effective. In a experimental group, the subjects are exposed to the independent variable. In the control group, the subjects are exposed to all conditions except the independent variable. To determine if the drug is effective, the effects must be compared with the group that eceives the actual drug and the group that receives a placebo. Hence, if blood pressure is low in the experimental group, then is could be confirmed that the drug was effective. Internet Answer: To determine whether this drug is medically effective, we must compare its effect on those randomly assigned to recieve it with those who recieve a placebo. The only difference between the groups is whether they recieved the actual drug. So, if blood pressure is lower in the experiemental group, then we know that the drug itself has produced this effect, not just the participants knowlege that they are being treated

Angelica RojasName of Periodical Journal of Child Essays

Angelica RojasName of Periodical: Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry Date of periodical: April 2, 2015 Name of Article: Developmental Dyslexia: Predicting Individual Risk Author of Article: Paul A. Thompson, Charles Hulme, Hannah M. Nash, Debbie Gooch, Emma Hayiou-Thomas, and Margaret J. Snowling Page Numbers of Article: 976-987 Summary of Article Dyslexia is a learning disability that is passed on to a child through a close relative i.e. parents, with dyslexia. Research also indicates that some people are identified as a dyslexic early in their lives, while others will not be diagnosed until adulthood (Thompson et al., 2015). Thompson conducted a study on children who are at high risk for dyslexia and are currently enrolled in preschool through early elementary. Students were assessed periodically throughout the year on tasks tapping cognitive, language, and executive motor skills (par 1. Thompson et al., 2015). Thompson and his colleagues concluded that it is difficult to diagnose a child with dyslexia at an early age. Another interesting finding is that early language delay is a risk factor for dyslexia, and is not a predictor at the individual level until close to school entry (pg. 10, Thompson et al., 2015). Furthermore, according to Sandman-Hurley, the educational system has a tougher time identifying students who are no t native English speakers. The best way for ELL's to be identified as dyslexic, is for students to be tested in their Native language. Students will first be tested for fluency and if low fluency is present in their Native language, students will then have to visually identify letters and numbers in a rapid matter. Testing Ells for dyslexia can become expensive quickly; but the ultimate goal is to ensure that all our students achieve literacy. Relevance and Importance to My Teaching My goal is to become a Bilingual Education teacher, while helping my students learn and master English as a second language. As we know there are many children who have difficulties learning to read, and for ELLs to master English they must become fluent readers in English. Identifying dyslexia is not an easy task in any language, but making sure that all teachers are aware that dyslexia is a learning disability that can happen to any child in any language. After a child has been diagnosed he/she will need all the proper tools to become a successful student. Examples of Potential Instructional Application In order for ELLs to become fluent English readers they must read or be read to everyday at home for twenty minutes. Learning doesn't just happen at school, it's important for children to continue learning and educating themselves while at home. A great way for students to keep reading by using Lexia. Lexia is a software system which specifically targets each student's fundamental reading skills, with real time performance data that helps identify a student's skill gap and help teachers with providing the proper interventions. In Arizona all elementary students will be screened three times per year to determine if students are at risk for literacy acquisition. Teachers will determine if students are making progress through monitoring assessments grade level reading outcomes. According to Arizona Literacy Plan, students who struggle to receive targeted, specific intervention instruction; and those who excel are provided with enrichment opportunities. Learning is enhanced through colla boration and discussions with their peers. Through scaffolded experiences and gradual release, elementary students are encouraged to move toward independence in their work as they build confidence in their language, reading and writing abilities References Thompson, P. A., Hulme, C., Nash, H. M., Gooch, D., Hayiou-Thomas, E., Snowling, M. J. (2015). Developmental dyslexia: predicting individual risk. Journal Of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 56(9), 976-987. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12412 Mustang Express. Voyager.wnmu.edu. Retrieved 13 September 2017, from http://voyager.wnmu.edu:2087/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]vid=1hid=124 Huppenthal, J., Stollar, J., Hrabluk, K. (2017). Arizona State Literacy Plan. Cms.azed.gov. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://cms.azed.gov/home/GetDocumentFile?id=56cddde5aadebe06e8208480 Sandman-Hurley, K. (2017). Dyslexia and the English Learner Dilemma - Language Magazine. Language Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2017, from https://www.languagemagazine.com/dyslexia-and-the-english-learner-dilemma/ Sibold, C. (2011). Building English Language Learners' Academic Vocabulary: Strategies and Tips. Multicultural Education, v18(n2), p24-28. http://dx.doi.org/EJ951842

Professional Support with My Case Study Writing

Professional Support with My Case Study Writing My Case Study Writing The first years of studying, no matter whether in college or university, can turn out to be very back-breaking - not only because students should adjust to each new detail, such as a novel environment, a new campus, new teachers, and new requirements but also because they should handle a huge number of new academic writing assignments. Case studies tasks, regardless of the subject or discipline, are ones of the vivid examples. As soon as students are assigned to such writing tasks to complete, hundreds of questions can pop up: â€Å"How should I complete my case study?† â€Å"How am I supposed to write my case study to gain an A or the highest score?† â€Å"Is not it the same as research papers?† and many more other questions. 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However, the above assumption is a bit exaggerated. There are many reasons why students should refer to online academic or custom writing services or agencies for writing assistance and support. For instance: Establishing priorities and results:very often, students are asked to compose case studies in one of their minors, additional or optional subjects. Thus, it is obvious that having many assignments in their majors, the focus and priories of the students can change. Evidently, in such situations, referring to a professional writing specialist becomes the most sound alternative - after all, apart from emphasizing their majors, overloaded students should have some time on their basic needs, such eating, sleeping, resting, socializing, or entertaining. 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Decisions in Paradise Part 2 & 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decisions in Paradise Part 2 & 3 - Essay Example These should be planned well. Discuss with the team the estimated effort for each activity and ensure that the person who is assigned the activity is committed to completing it as well within the scheduleâ€Å" (Mariam, 2002). This can be done by implementing a mission statement that every employee is aware of. In turn these employees must know what their job is in relation to this mission statement and must be prepared to do whatever it takes to complete these tasks. In order to come up with this mission statement, brainstorming amongst those at the top of the company is necessary, as this statement will be what drives the future of the company. Once this plan in finalized, it can immediately be placed into action, which will help the company’s growth immensely. After all, it is very difficult to reach a goal when you are unaware of what it is, so a mission statement, along with some organizational planning, should be the company’s first priority. Within this planning , some discussion on how this will affect the country of Kava should be included. This means that jobs should be provided, with as little affect on the environment as possible. Also, steps should be taken to lessen the effects of potential disasters that could ruin business. The goal of human resources in this situation should be to keep a close affiliation with the various ethnic groups in Kava, while give each of them a hand in the company’s future. What this means is that workers can be employed from each ethnic groups, without one ethnic group being allowed superiority over the other. By forcing the different ethnic groups to work together, the company might be able to help support some cohersion between them. This would create a less hostile environment for all involved, as the different ethnic groups would be helping each other to improve their living conditions. By actively recruiting Kava residents, the company would be taking steps towards improving the company’s influence within

Hemophilia Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hemophilia Disease - Essay Example The oral condition of the human being is characterized by episodes of tooth loss and damage of the gums which leads to bleeding. Keeping the gums and the teeth healthy usually requires procedures that are invasive ( prone to injury). One can just imagine the gravity of the situation to people with hemophilia. That is why one can find numerous studies and researches about the People with hemophilia or congenital bleeding tendencies are a priority group for dental and oral health care, since bleeding after dental treatment may cause severe or even fatal complications. Maintenance of a healthy mouth and prevention of dental problems is of great importance, not only to quality of life and nutrition but also to avoid the dangers of surgery. . Plaque accumulation causes inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) due to the action of bacteria. This may progress to the damage of the attachment of the teeth to the jawbone (periodontal membrane) resulting to inflammation and damage to this membrane (chronic periodontitis). Ultimately, this leads to the loosening of a tooth and then tooth loss. With the plaque allowed to calcify, tartar develops above and/or below the gum-line making further accretion of plaque result to Fig 2. The Parts of A Tooth Gingivitis is painless but leads to the ... Thru the process of prophylaxis or cleaning of the teeth and gums by the doctor, gingivitis can be prevented thereby limiting bleeding of the gums and eliminating the need for surgery. This can be seen as a pro-active step rather than waiting for the gums to bleed and make use of factor concentrates to stop the bleeding. The treatment of hemophilia has been undergoing significant innovations since the development of factor VIII concentrates. The current trend of thinking is that prophylaxis is a beneficial therapy for patients with hemophilia A as compared to on-demand treatment. The observed benefits include reduced number of bleeding episodes, improved joint function and a relatively healthier patient. Hoots et al reviewed the literature about the topic and weighed the value of these benefits against the increased expense due to increased factor use. (Hoots et al, 2006) How Is Dental Surgery Performed To A Hemophiliac Performing dental surgery on a hemophiliac patient, even for a simple dental extraction, must be thoroughly planned such that the risk of bleeding, hematoma formation or excessive bruising is minimized. To prevent any problems or complications, the two following points must be realized: Rarely will emergency dental surgical intervention be required as control of pain can be registered without resorting to an unplanned treatment. Discussions with Hemophilia patients requiring prophylactic cover concerning the treatment plans must be done For those suffering from severe hemophilia, factor replacement is a necessary pre-surgery procedure along with regional block injections or scaling. Those suffering from hemophilia A usually require a dose of 50 iu/kg of factor VIII and a dose of 100 iu/kg of factor IX in hemophilia

Hate Crimes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hate Crimes - Research Paper Example t acts against other individuals have always been prevalent in society throughout history, the socially-constructed notion of referring to this as hate crimes is a fairly new notion (McPhail and DiNitto, 2005). This paper will discuss hate crimes in general and place an emphasis on why it seems like hate crimes are on the rise. It is undoubtedly true that hate crimes are reported in the news more frequently than in the past. A good example of this is a comparison of the number of newspaper coverage given. In the 1980s, over the course of 8 years, the Washington Post published 49 articles on hate crimes. In comparison, in the 1990s, there were 1,100articles published on hate crime in 8 years (Nolan et al, 2002).one main reason for this is possibly due to the ‘Hate Crimes Statistics Act’ which was passed in 1990 (Nolan et al,2002). 5) There appears to be no relationship between hate crimes and index crimes. Index crimes refer to the eight criminal acts that are used by the FBI to predict the amount of crime in the USA. These include murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny-theft, vehicle theft and arson (Nolan et al, 2002). To make the decision as to whether a crime should be treated as a hate crime, the police follow a two step approach (FBI, 1999 from Macmahon et al, 2004). The officer who is first on the scene decided whether there is any evidence the offender’s motivation was bias. In the second step, a trained officer makes a solid decision as to whether the incident is in fact a hate crime using a set of criteria. These criteria are all victim-orientated and are ‘membership in the targeted group, active role or advocacy in community group, representation of victim’s group in the community, previous record of victimization, or the victim’s visitation to a high-tension community’ (Macmahon et al,2004). Four other criteria that are usually used that are offender based include ‘the presence of comments, gestures, or written

Theories Of Gender Inequality

Theories Of Gender Inequality There have been a number of theories put forward by various Institutions, Organizations, Authors, Scholars, Researchers, and Development practitioners, somehow to explain the problem why the issue of gender varies from region to region and why implementing gender equality, and female empowerment is lower than expected in SSA. Amongst these theories are the Inequality and the Modernization theory used in this project to explain the wide gender problems existing in SSA. Borrowing from the words of John Martenussen, most of these theories have been propounded by Western and North American authors and have been termed growth and development theories. (Martenussen, 1997; p.51) As far as this project is concern, I am going to use the parts of the theories that are relevant to the project. The Inequality Theory: The origin of gender Inequality between men and women has been one of the most intellectual debates after the rise of modern feminism. Great thinkers in the history of ideas such as Aristotle and Thomas Quinas suggested speculative interpretation of gender differences. Continuously, nineteenth century evolutionary theorist such as Bachofen and Karl Marx consider various possible evolutionary sequences in organization kinship and gender relations. Some early efforts aimed at justifying existing institutions and others to question them sound like contemporary standard. The argument behind the origin of feminist analyses is the ideological implication of female subordination over the centuries. Also, there have been a high superior prevalence of male status across time, space and social circumstances that are beyond denial especially in SSA. Therefore the pervasiveness of male dominance is the absolute aim of analyzing gender differences. The question that arises is that how can the app arent universal subordination of female be reconciled with equality in SSA with it strong traditional background? (Robert Marx Johnson 2005 p; 30). Assumptions of the Inequality Theory: Firstly, Inequality theory explains the biological difference between men and women which is inescapable, amongst race, class, culture and tradition irrespective of being developed or underdeveloped. According to Linsey 2007, sex is the biological difference between men and women while gender is the social construction of sexes considering race, politics, social, economic, culture and traditional background. This cultures and traditions vary from place to place and from culture to culture. These cultures that are learned change with time within and between cultures. (Linsey 2007, P; 97) Following this sex distinction between male and female, some advanced societies (Western and North American societies) have tried to narrow down the gender gap by empowering females, by redefining laws and ignoring others to enhance development. That notwithstanding, the distinction still persists and would always be there because no matter all the feminist analyses on sex and gender, humans would never revert nature on this perspective. Research have proven that no amount of theorist thinking can subtle the simple fact of biological distinction, therefore inequality would persistently exist no matter what. The question that ponders my mind is, why Sub-Saharan Africa is still lacking behind to comprehend culture and tradition to reduce the wide gender gap, thereby empowering females to enhance development?. Secondly, content and expression of this biological difference is exaggerated in the situation in SSA. Tracing back from history until date, most of the hardest and most commanding jobs are carried out by men therefore inequality is bound to exist between sexes. The fact that men are a stronger sex to resist extreme hash conditions makes them dominant irrespective of sex division. Complex cultural societies are build up by institution that keeps men at a dominant position. This make the female sex constantly relegated at the background. The norms and values that govern these complex societies (SSA) procure men at the forefront. By respecting this norms and values women would be hardly seen in the public spheres. (Sushama Sahay, in king and Hill Anne. p; 89) Thirdly, Inequality theory try to make some kind of biological differences that are sufficient and necessary to persistently cause inequality between sexes and puts men at a commanding and dominant position. There are three imputed biological differences that have received much attention by the inequality view, such as reproduction by females, physical capacity and predisposition toward violence. Anthropologists largely agree that women have hardly occupied position of higher status or political power than men in any society anywhere, anytime (Buthler 2006) Some feminist theorist argue that, reproduction everywhere is done by females that subordinates their position to men, others say that men are physically dominant in their actions and activities and set rules that are of their own advantage. Some theorist argue that men are very aggressive than women, that put them at a dominant position thereby creating inequality between the both sexes. (Buthler 2006 P; 78) Lastly, apart from huge gender inequality and female empowerment sluggishness in SSA, inequality can also be traced amongst races and class. There have been and there are still traces of inequality amongst the white race and black race as well as amongst the upper and lower class group. There are two different kinds of historical inequality, example that can illustrate this point. First of all, I will want to look back at the history of colonialism and neocolonialism in SSA by the west that alone speak volumes of inequality and domination over a continent and makes a particular race dominant over the other. The history of racial inequality amongst the blacks and whites in the United States of America also illustrate an example of inequality amongst races. On the other hand, there have been inequalities within races and cultures. The upper and noble classes in SSA have been dominant over the lower and powerless group. This means that a superior culture is imposed and forced on to the weaker group that makes them not equal. Just like the history of European nobility over the commoners in Europe. Yet the nobility have remained a powerful and privileged class in most European nations. From biological and racial distinction on the inequality theory, inequality is a fact amongst genders, cultures, class and race, although times have changed and things must change, this pushes us to criticize the inequality theory with changing times. Critique of the Inequality Theory: There have been a lot of theorists to critique speculative accounts on gender differences and female empowerment in SSA which creates inequality, but very little progress have been made to prove one theory over the other in their speculative analyses on gender issues. To a large degree, inequality theories have not gained grounds because societies have distinctively evolved and disproved the speculative ideas of inequality theorist. In SSA today, traditional institutional arrangement have distinctively changed in respect of both genders not too much subordinating women like in the past. Looking at a typical traditional African society, where farming is the only source of income, the man do the clearing of the farm while the woman do the planting and if harvest is good the subsistent crops are sold to maintain the family and educate their kids, both live in complementary way without gender distinction. Although traditional institution still exist and persist today in SSA, but most if not all operate in the interest of both genders. Scholars argue that theories sometimes formulate persuasive speculative accounts which might fit what we already perceive or know. Therefore we must depend on the biological evidence provided by the inequality theory based on the reconstruction of inferences in well known societies to argue the inequality theory. Critics of Inequality theory also argue that, professional speculations of postmodern feminist by generalizing theories and with the political confusion by giving equal weight to every woman irrespective of race, class, sex orientation, culture and historical background makes origin of inequality theory to lost it attraction. The biological distinction of sex and gender roles as ascribed by the origin of the inequality theory is almost becoming baseless in SSA societies today. My argument is that inequality theory relies on female reproduction, the strength of men and the predisposition of men in violence situation as a prerequisite of being unequal. This was true to an extent tracing the origin of the theory, but today societies have evolved with changing times, no society in the history of mankind is static. Reproduction have just become a female experience and also a sex difference which has little impact on gender roles today. In the other hand, today in SSA men are only dominant in specific jobs as that they are specialized in, not that specific jobs are ascribed for men although the both sexes co-exist in a traditional way, but there is rational distribution of resources and labor so that girls and women can be empowered in this communities and families. The problems that arise sometimes are how to comprehend this inconsistent inequality that continues to persist with changing times. Theoretical efforts must be accepted to a certain degree and also the theory can only predict the future and to a larger extent crudely reconstruct the origin of inequality. There is evident that the system of inequality like any other social institution is becoming self sustainable today in most SSA societies. Individuals are born sexed but not gendered; they have to be taught to be masculine or feminine. One is not born; but rather becomes a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, it is civilization as a whole that produces this creatureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, which is described as feminine (Simone de Beauvoir 1952 p; 267) The idea of inequality between men and women is created in the gender process following the way cultural institutions are arranged. Therefore inequality in itself does not exist between sexes but created in the act or reaction in each society. Butler 1990, argues that gender as a process creates the social difference that defines man and woman in social interaction through their live, individuals learn what is expected, see what is expected, act and react in expected ways, thus simultaneously construct and maintain the gender order in each society (Butler 1990 p; 145) In a typical African society, though still primitive and traditional the inequality do not actually exist but it is the gender roles that differ from family to family and from community to community. Take for example within the Muslim religion or culture in SSA; women are actually distinctive in their socially constructed roles ascribed by the religious laws. This does not mean that they do not live in a complementally as opposed by the inequality differences basing on sex division. I therefore argue that the issue of gender is a matter of understanding within families and communities, who should do what at a given time irrespective of the sex backed by norms and laws of that community. West and Zimmermann, holds that in humans there is no essential femaleness or maleness, femininity or masculinity, womanhood or manhood, but once gender is ascribed, the social order constructs and holds individuals to strongly gender norms and expectations. (West and Zimmaman 1989, P; 146) The origin of the inequality theory have been attacked by it critics seriously in recent times. Recent studies also indicate that inequality would eventually lose it content as time evolves. The debate is centered on race and class subordination of inequality that existed in the past, but is currently loosing it value. It is clearly evident that racial inequality is gradually disappearing between and within races and class. I will like to illustrate this point on the colonial history of SSA. Africa have longed been colonized by Europeans to maintain a superior race and keep the African race subordinated under their control just like gender and sex. But because inequality is gradually loosing it originality in history, racial inequality have gradually faded away with changing times. Although some traces of racial inequality persistently exist between races. (Gramsci 1971, P; 165) Another example that has made inequality lose it originality have been between whites and black Americans as well as European nobility. Whites and blacks have faced a long history of racial segregation in the United States, but because of time factor and new institutional arrangement the racial differences have almost disappeared. In the other hand, European nobility class use to be a more armed, politically and economically powerful class to the commoners in Europe but with the coming of decentralization of leadership and democracy this superior class have gradually disappeared thereby melting away the idea of inequality and subordination of commoners since everybody have an equal opportunity. Well as much as SSA is concern there have been inequality in class division irrespective of the gender differences. Inequality have been gradually disapproved since the old traditional institutions are disappearing and new wants sees everybody the same. In SSA, apart from gender inequality, there have been upper and lower class inequality as well as people from the royal fondoms, are always seen differently with high esteem. The upper class have been people who generally enjoy high social amenities in the big cities of SSA, they have little or no gender differences between their families since almost everybody have a good education as compared to the rural poor who cannot even provide for a daily meal. They are not much educated so definitely they believe in traditional laws that puts the men at the forefront. But with changing times and the fight for global poverty reduction, development in these local areas in SSA is gradually improving making gender inequality to extensively disap pear. On the other hand, Fondomites in SSA have maintain an extensively unequal powers in every aspect in SSA, this is because most traditional laws do respect and give special consideration to everyone from the fondom. But with the coming of democracy and the respect for human right and dignity, this traditional superiority is extensively disappearing there by making the class values to loss it weight. Today whether from the fondom or not, everybody is the same because of democracy. Though there have been a mixture of traditional laws to democratic values to combat the aspect of inequality amongst fondomites and common citizen. (Foucault 1972, P; 223) Importance of the Inequality Theory to the project: To begin with, inequality theory is essential in this project because it explains the origin, history and persistent pre-domination and domination of males in almost all aspects of life in SSA. Through this theory, I understand that socialization, tradition and biology are interwoven to explain the persistent male domination in most SSA societies. To better understand the importance of the theory to this project, I will like to examine each role played by each of these concepts to understand the role of inequality theory to the project. Men and women yesterday and today think and act differently and achieve differently in the varying regions in SSA (Banque and Waren 1990, P; 90) Connecting inequality theory to socialization, it helps me to distinguish between the upper and lower class socialization in SSA. To understand the importance of socialization in this project, it has to be treated differently with divergent identities and expectations. Socialization has helped me to understand why there is little or no gender inequality and more female empowerment in the urban than rural families in SSA. I have used socialization to compare inequality in urban and rural areas, which further makes me to understand class division in the two areas. It is certain that gender equality and female empowerment is higher in urban than rural milieus, because in the urban areas, generally, individuals and families are exposed to high social amenities and high standard of living. Social interaction is generally more modern than in the local interior in SSA. The upper wealthy class is found in urban areas while the lower poor and primitive class is found in the local areas. There fore, as a result of this social division, inequality theory through socialization has helped me to distinguish and understand this phenomenon in details and further explains why there is persistent inequality in class and socialization in SSA. Connecting inequality theory through tradition, it has helped me to understand why there is still a wide gender gap and low female empowerment in typical traditional SSA societies today. People honor traditional established ideas and teach them to their children. But what is the source of the gender traditions by which women are made everywhere subordinate. (Drage 2003, P; 23) From the origin and history of inequality theory, men have established ideas and institutions that have always kept them dominant letting females at a subordinated position. The theory is therefore important in this project because it lets me understand why some primitive ideas are still led down from generation to generation in sub-Saharan Africa. Take for example, in most local communities in SSA, male inheritance have been a long established traditional belief and have been passed down to generations for centuries. These practices have become stronger so much so that even a male unborn child is celebrated be fore delivery. Women are regarded as properties and sold out for marriages, since bride price is been paid on them. Females have also been considered as products because they are forced into early marriages to reduce poverty since they are been bought by paying a bride price to their parents. Tradition is held at high esteem and has been a led down idea and still exists today in most of the local communities in SSA. By believing that only a male child can inherit property, has placed male sex dominant over females. This established idea have retarded development because resources are not rationally distributed by both sexes thereby making the female sex subordinated. As a result of this established believes, inequality persistently exists in this primitive areas that are reluctant to accept new changes because of illiteracy and poverty. Inequality theory is therefore important in this project because it has deepened my understanding of the continuous male domination because of these established ideas that have been passed down to generations. Inequality theory is also relevant because it explains these beliefs in such ideas and goes a long way to increase gender inequality and reduce female empowerment in SSA. Although there have been some changes in this traditional beliefs, but these changes mostly affects exposed families that is families that have acquired good education and have been exposed to more valuable cultures. Inheritance in these situations goes with responsibility and how you can manage the resources irrespective of being a male or female, though most often it ends up with problems from males since it has always been like that in most of the societies in SSA. Giving authority or property to a female is just like depriving a male from his traditional right. But with continuous realization on how these have been affecting the societal development, I personally think it is going to disappear with changing time. Thanks to the inequality theory that I am able to explain this primitive belief in most of SSA families and societies. Connecting inequality theory through biology, it is relevant in this project because it has made me understand male domination in biological distinction of both sexes. This is because women and men are physically different in ways that make men to feel dominant. Through biological distinction in inequality, I came to understand why there is inequality in labor division. This is so because the theory persistently insist on the physical strength of men to occupy certain jobs. That is why there has been persistent gender discrimination in organizations and job opportunities because men think that some jobs can be physically carried out by them. For instance in SSA, it is hard to hear that a woman is a military general, bus driver, engineer, carpenter, technicians and or family head. Biological explanation also emphasize on the predisposition of men in extreme dangerous situation so to speak. In SSA men have always been involved in warfare and critical traditional decisions that involves sacrifices are carried out by men. Therefore, as a result of this, inequality is bound to exist and that is why I have employed it in my project to understand this in greater details. However, with the advent of feminist theorist, and changing time, biological arguments for inequality in gender is gradually fading away. Technological improvement have made most jobs to be operated by machines and intellectual based not physical fitness. Therefore, both males and females can be trained to manipulate these machines to have a gender balance in job markets. However, since traditional African societies are still very backward and have not yet attained some level of technology, most jobs are still based on physical strength to acquire them. That is why biological explanation of the origin of inequality in gender is still very visible in SSA. Inequality theory is therefore useful to this project to understand the biological explanation of persistent inequality in physical strength, predisposition of men in dangerous situations and the reproduction of females that have made them subjugated and subordinated position since the beginning of time immemorial. The modernization Theory: According to (Deutsch 1961; Rostow 1960; Ruttan 1959), modernization theory evolved from two ideas about social change developed in the nineteenth century: the conception of traditional vs. modern societies, that viewed development as societal evolution in progressive stages of growth (Deutch 1961, Rostow 1960, Ruttan 1959) Following a modernization tradition, problems that have held back the development and empowerment of females in SSA have been irrational allocation of resources. Modernization theorist believe that for traditional African societies to become developed, there should be a rational distribution of resources for both sexes and the elimination of traditional, institutional and organizational roadblocks that have made Sub-Saharan African societies underdeveloped. Therefore, the society must pass through transformational stages to become modern. General Assumptions of the theory: Following Rostows modernization assumption, there have been five circular stages a society must pass through to become modern such as traditional society, precondition for take-off, take-off, the drive toward maturity and the age of high mass consumption (Rostow 1963, p; 127) The stage of traditional society is characterized by primitive technology, pre-Newtonian science and spiritual behaviors in the material world. There is traditional gender inequality and no idea of female empowerment since the society is too primitive and recognizes male superiority. The traditional economy depends soly on primitive methods of farming and limited productivity. There is limited mobility in the traditional society and most agricultural lands are owned by men limiting the female powerless and have absolutely no say in land ownership. That is why development is still imbalance today in SSA because resources are irrationally distributed and there is no female inheritance of property. Since it is a linear pattern, for a society to move to a pre-takeoff stage it has to do away with some ideas in the traditional stage so that there should be a regular growth. (Peet and Hartwick 1999, P; 81) The pre-take off society stage is characterized by development of modern technology and it application to agriculture and industry. Gender inequality is very high and there is little or no female empowerment because most machines were believed to be operated only by men. The idea of modernity was seen to develop sectors like educations, banking, commence, manufacturing and investment. This means that there was still very high gender discrimination in education and labor in SSA. Traditional African women could not own accounts according to traditional institutions and cannot be exposed to the public spheres. This was injected in a society that was still is primitive. (Ibid) The take-off stage as assumed by the modernization view as the stage for technological expansion, socio-political structures of society including gender rules in the distribution of labor in most urban areas in SSA. There is a little economic growth and a period to begin industrialization. In this stage, the discourse on gender and empowerment to modernize and enhance development increases in the urban and still very dormant in the rural sectors of SSA. (Ibid) The drive toward maturity stage is characterized by the spreading of technological expansion on economic activities and also there is sufficient entrepreneurship to practically fabricate heavy machines and equipment resulting from heavy industry. In this stage, the discourse on gender and participation have somehow gained grounds in most advanced societies and some prominent African cities. Women get more and more involved, the fight for economic growth and political dialogues and participation increases. (Ibid) The stage of mass consumption is characterized by the production of durable consumer goods and services. The rate of production of goods and services surpasses the need of consumption and employment is very high at the urban milieu in SSA. At this level there is little gender gap and female empowerment is high in most urban centers. This means that most families are exposed to western education and enjoy high standard of social amenities in the big cities. There is capability to invest in social welfare and social security on both genders, therefore cultural values comprehend modernity. (Ibid) Research have proven that most traditional African societies are at the take-off stage and at this level of development gender inequality is still very high at the rural sector and the society is very reluctant to any social and developmental changes. This means that the society is still very traditional, primitive and reluctant to social and development changes due to strong traditional and cultural beliefs. Also the theory explains why development has not made any significant progress in SSA especially in the rural communities where there is still a very wide gap between gender and female empowerment in SSA. Modernization theory can be seen as the legacy of the ideas of progress developed in Europe in the eighteen century. This means that progress and evolution was viewed as an irreversible, natural and systematic path toward modernity. The idea of traditional vs. modern society propped up in the different stages of growth and development in each society. This evolutionary progress of society was seen as a transformational stage from the simple to the complex. Therefore SSA being in the third stage according to the modernization vision, female empowerment and gender equality is very low, since the society is somehow very primitive and pre-occupied by male domination. Traditional beliefs which support female subordination is very high at this stage of development. (Latham 2000, p; 37) According to Nick Cullather, the idea of natural pattern of progress and development, as assumed by the modernization theory is a set of ideas and discourse used as a strategy by US to try to differentiate the US from former colonizers in their actions toward third world countries. (SSA). It was in the interest of the US as they also think that it was in the interest of the third world countries (SSA) to elevate third world countries to engage in the transformational steps toward modernity, this means that both sexes were to be involved in the stages of development thereby reducing the gender gap and empowering women in the process of development. The American idea could help assist third world countries avoid wasted steps in transition. This was seen as the Americanization and westernization of third world countries which was not more or less than the policy of assimilation by the French. (Black girls could eat and dress like French girls in French colonies to be assimilated and mod ern) (Nick Cullather, 1997; 94) The modernization theory advocates two fundamental concepts universalism and linear process. Both concept had and have huge impact on gender and female empowerment in SSA. This means that girls and women in Sub-Saharan Africa have the same cultural and identical background to move from a traditional stage to a modern stage in universal and linear order of development. (Redfield quoted in Cullarther) Supported by the same vision, all societies in SSA were seen as taking the same pattern toward modernity through recognizable stages, without considering other historical background, origin and geographical conditions. In the same light, following a modernization vision, all cultures were seen in a trajectory way. Therefore the theory never considered cultural institution, tradition, and customs and viewed as obstacles to female empowerment and gender equality. (Cullarther). By classifying the society in a one pattern way of development, the theory was therefore criticized by other promin ent development theories such as the dependency theory, power theory and the rise of feminist thinking in SSA. Critique of the theory: Modernization theory has received criticism in recent years from political scientists and political economists since it neglected cultural, historic, and socio-structural factors in it analysis (Chirot,1986; Black, 1991; Wallerstein, 1980) The modernization theory has witnessed a lot of critiques from varying development theories to scholars, researchers, institutions and other development practitioners. Most prominent development critique of the modernization theory hold that cultural values would still continue despite the shift from a traditional to a modern society. Therefore the argument is that despite the modern values of the modernization theory to transform traditional African societies to become modern by reducing the wide gender gap and encouraging female empowerment, African values still persist despite the values of modernity to enhance development in SSA. There is evidence that the broad cultural heritage of a society leaves imprints on values that endure despite the fo rces of modernization in other words cultural change depends on a society ´s cultural heritage. (Inglehart 2000c) Sub-Saharan Africa is made up of diverse cultural backgrounds, origin and history of migration. Though jointly colonized by the West, the fact that the society is culturally divided in origin and history, the values of modernization cannot hold at the same pace in the African societies respectively. This means that linear and universalism of the modernization theory could not work effectively in SSA and considering the fact that societies give different respects to their cultural heritage as considered by the modernization theory as an obstacle for development. Take for example the Islam religion, practices and beliefs is very strong in the Muslim society in SSA, therefore the issue of gender and empowerment of Muslim women can be a serious disorganization of religious rights since the later is very stiff in it traditional religious claims. The modernization theory had never taken traditional religious beliefs into consideration as ascertain by many of it

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Theme of Strength Through Unity -- Grapes Wrath

Theme of Strength Through Unity in The Grapes of Wrath The traditional human family represents a necessary transition between self and community. In the difficult era of the 1930's, the family's role shifted to guard against a hostile outside world rather than to provide a link with it. With the drought in the Dust Bowl and other tragedies of the Great Depression, many were forced to look beyond the traditional family unit and embrace their kinship with others of similar necessity. In his novel The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck uses the theme of strength through unity to comment on the relationship between the dissolution of individual families and the unification of the migrant people. The journey of the Joad family west illustrates this as they depart a parched Oklahoma, arrive in a hostile California, and eventually settle in amongst others as unwelcome there as they are. With the return of Tom to the family in the beginning of the story, the Joad family is once again united, though at the same time we see them to be utterly isolated from other migrants. It is not until the loss of a proverbial "right-arm" of the family (Grandpa) that the family is first unified with others, the Wilsons. As their journey progresses, they lose more members and struggle through increasing hardships, but in each situation the two families act as one and persevere. Grandma follows her husband to the grave, Ivy Wilson's health degrades, Noah leaves the family he knows doesn’t truly love him, their cars continually break down, and their money is fast disappearing. Vehicles, food, and money are all shared, but with one family's loss the entire group benefits. The Joad family's experiences when they first arrive in California ar... ...n's baby is stillborn, signifying a terrible loss to the Joad family. Soon after, they come upon another family, and Rose of Sharon is able to use the milk meant for her dead child to help a sick, starving old man. What's more, Rose of Sharon used her own milk, something normally only for the family, signifying the absence of a traditional family, and instead a universal family of a common plight. Throughout the course of the story, roughly half of the Joad family dies or disappears, but by the end of the novel the Joads are in a desperate yet relatively comfortable position. This was because as they gave up their kin, they were welcomed into society as a whole. In this manner John Steinbeck uses the theme Unity leads to Survival to comment on the relationship between the dissolution of individual families and the unification of the migrant people.